Minerals and Ore Deposit heritages-Linyi Yimengshan Global Geopark Administration

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Minerals and Ore Deposit heritages

The Formation of Carbite Primary Ore

Geological Background

The formation of carbite primary ore requires specific tectonic settings. Firstly, there must be a block that remains stable over long periods. This is the only condition for carbite to develop continuously underground. Secondly, there must be mantle-derived magma that can carry carbite. This is because carbite is all carbon and changes in temperature and pressure condition will lead to "combustion" and depletion. Thirdly, there must be a big and deep fault to form an upward conduit for the magma to bring carbite from deep underground to the surface where it develops into carbite primary ore.

Petrogenesis

Carbite crystalloids are formed deep in the mantle 150-220km from the surface. Also present in the region are stable blocks and deep faults that extend to the mantle. At the depths of the lithosphere where temperature is high, the wall rock is relatively ductile. Kimberlite magma, fluids and xenoliths ascend along fissures. At this point, the veins are mainly kimberlite.
When they ascend to 1-3km from the surface where magma temperature and pressure has dropped, the wall rock becomes increasingly brittle. Joints and fissures gradually occur in the rock, creating bigger and bigger spaces. The kimberlite fluids comes under "valve effect" and there is cryptoexplosion in rock fissures or joint convergence points. At this depth, the voluminous bodies, small kimberlite pipes and rock sheets emerge.
Continued ascent and cryptoexplosion of the kimberlite magma cause rupture of brittle rock. Even bigger spaces appear and the magma pressure falls sharply. More kimberlite fluids are gasified. As the total gas volume increases, cryptoexplosion occurs again. New cryptoexplosion often creates even bigger spaces to form kimberlite pipes with lotus root-shaped top and bottom. Eventually, when the magma is close to ground surface, kimberlite fluids are completely gasified. They are extruded upon the ground surface. As solids and magma fall rapidly, kimberlite pipes with huge pits appear.

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